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<!DOCTYPE chapter [<!ENTITY % ents SYSTEM "jersey.ent" > %ents; ]>
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
         version="5.0"
         xml:lang="en"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/xsd/docbook.xsd
                             http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink.xsd"
         xml:id="bean-validation">

    <title>Bean Validation Support</title>

    <para>
        Validation is a process of verifying that some data obeys one or more pre-defined constraints. This chapter describes
        support for &bv.project.link; in Jersey in terms of the needed dependencies, configuration, registration and usage.
        For more detailed description on how JAX-RS provides native support for validating resource classes based on the
        Bean Validation refer to the chapter in the <link xlink:href="http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=339">JAX-RS spec</link>.
    </para>

    <section>
        <title>Bean Validation Dependencies</title>

        <para>
            Bean Validation support in Jersey is provided as an extension module and needs to be mentioned explicitly in your
            &lit.pom.xml; file (in case of using Maven):

            <programlisting language="xml" linenumbering="unnumbered">&lt;dependency&gt;
    &lt;groupId&gt;org.glassfish.jersey.ext&lt;/groupId&gt;
    &lt;artifactId&gt;jersey-bean-validation&lt;/artifactId&gt;
    &lt;version&gt;&version;&lt;/version&gt;
&lt;/dependency&gt;</programlisting>

            <note>
                <para>
                    If you're not using Maven make sure to have also all the transitive dependencies (see &jersey.ext.bean-validation.deps.link;) on
                    the classpath.
                </para>
            </note>

            This module depends directly on
            <link xlink:href="http://hibernate.org/validator/">Hibernate Validator</link>
            which provides a most commonly used implementation of the Bean Validation API spec.
        </para>
        <para>
            If you want to use a different implementation of the Bean Validation API, use standard Maven mechanisms to exclude
            Hibernate Validator from the modules dependencies and add a dependency of your own.

            <programlisting language="xml" linenumbering="unnumbered">&lt;dependency&gt;
    &lt;groupId&gt;org.glassfish.jersey.ext&lt;/groupId&gt;
    &lt;artifactId&gt;jersey-bean-validation&lt;/artifactId&gt;
    &lt;version&gt;&version;&lt;/version&gt;
    &lt;exclusions&gt;
        &lt;exclusion&gt;
            &lt;groupId&gt;org.hibernate&lt;/groupId&gt;
            &lt;artifactId&gt;hibernate-validator&lt;/artifactId&gt;
        &lt;/exclusion&gt;
    &lt;/exclusions&gt;
&lt;/dependency&gt;</programlisting>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Enabling Bean Validation in Jersey</title>

        <para>
            As stated in <xref linkend="deployment.autodiscoverable"/>, Jersey Bean Validation is one of the modules where you
            don't need to explicitly register its &lit.jaxrs.core.Feature;s (&jersey.ext.ValidationFeature;) on the
            server as its features are automatically discovered and registered when you add the
            &lit.jersey-bean-validation; module to your classpath.
            There are three Jersey specific properties that could disable automatic discovery and registration of Jersey Bean
            Validation integration module:

            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>&jersey.common.CommonProperties.FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE;</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>&jersey.server.ServerProperties.FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE;</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>&jersey.server.ServerProperties.BV_FEATURE_DISABLE;</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>

            <note>
                <para>Jersey does not support Bean Validation on the client at the moment.</para>
            </note>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Configuring Bean Validation Support</title>

        <para>
            Configuration of Bean Validation support in Jersey is twofold - there are few specific properties that affects Jersey
            behaviour (e.g. sending validation error entities to the client) and then there is &jersey.ext.ValidationConfig; class
            that configures &bv.Validator; used for validating resources in JAX-RS application.
        </para>

        <para>
            To configure Jersey specific behaviour you can use the following properties:

            <variablelist>
                <varlistentry>
                    <term>&jersey.server.ServerProperties.BV_DISABLE_VALIDATE_ON_EXECUTABLE_OVERRIDE_CHECK;</term>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>
                            Disables &lit.bv.ValidateOnExecution; check. More on this is described in
                            <xref linkend="bv.ValidateOnExecution" />.
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                </varlistentry>
                <varlistentry>
                    <term>&jersey.server.ServerProperties.BV_SEND_ERROR_IN_RESPONSE;</term>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>
                            Enables sending validation errors in response entity to the client. More on this in
                            <xref linkend="bv.ValidationError" />.
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                </varlistentry>
            </variablelist>

            <example xml:id="bv.example.jersey.properties">
                <title>Configuring Jersey specific properties for Bean Validation.</title>

                <programlisting language="java" linenumbering="numbered">new ResourceConfig()
    // Now you can expect validation errors to be sent to the client.
    .property(ServerProperties.BV_SEND_ERROR_IN_RESPONSE, true)
    // @ValidateOnExecution annotations on subclasses won't cause errors.
    .property(ServerProperties.BV_DISABLE_VALIDATE_ON_EXECUTABLE_OVERRIDE_CHECK, true)
    // Further configuration of ResourceConfig.
    .register( ... );</programlisting>
            </example>

            Customization of the &lit.bv.Validator; used in validation of resource classes/methods can be done using
            &lit.jersey.ext.ValidationConfig; class and exposing it via &jaxrs.ext.ContextResolver; mechanism as shown in
            <xref linkend="bv.example.ValidationConfig"/>. You can set custom instances for the following interfaces from
            the Bean Validation API:

            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
                        &bv.MessageInterpolator; - interpolates a given constraint violation message.
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
                        &bv.TraversableResolver; - determines if a property can be accessed by the Bean Validation provider.
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>
                        &bv.ConstraintValidatorFactory; - instantiates a <literal>ConstraintValidator</literal> instance based
                        off its class. Note that by setting a custom <literal>ConstraintValidatorFactory</literal> you may loose
                        injection of available resources/providers at the moment. See <xref linkend="bv.injecting"/> how to
                        handle this.
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>&bv.ParameterNameProvider; - provides names for method and constructor parameters.</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>

            <example xml:id="bv.example.ValidationConfig">
                <title>Using &lit.jersey.ext.ValidationConfig; to configure &lit.bv.Validator;.</title>

                <programlisting language="java">/**
 * Custom configuration of validation. This configuration defines custom:
 * &lt;ul&gt;
 *     &lt;li&gt;ConstraintValidationFactory - so that validators are able to inject Jersey providers/resources.&lt;/li&gt;
 *     &lt;li&gt;ParameterNameProvider - if method input parameters are invalid, this class returns actual parameter names
 *     instead of the default ones ({@code arg0, arg1, ..})&lt;/li&gt;
 * &lt;/ul&gt;
 */
public class ValidationConfigurationContextResolver implements ContextResolver&lt;ValidationConfig&gt; {

    @Context
    private ResourceContext resourceContext;

    @Override
    public ValidationConfig getContext(final Class&lt;?&gt; type) {
        final ValidationConfig config = new ValidationConfig();
        config.setConstraintValidatorFactory(resourceContext.getResource(InjectingConstraintValidatorFactory.class));
        config.setParameterNameProvider(new CustomParameterNameProvider());
        return config;
    }

    /**
     * See ContactCardTest#testAddInvalidContact.
     */
    private class CustomParameterNameProvider implements ParameterNameProvider {

        private final ParameterNameProvider nameProvider;

        public CustomParameterNameProvider() {
            nameProvider = Validation.byDefaultProvider().configure().getDefaultParameterNameProvider();
        }

        @Override
        public List&lt;String&gt; getParameterNames(final Constructor&lt;?&gt; constructor) {
            return nameProvider.getParameterNames(constructor);
        }

        @Override
        public List&lt;String&gt; getParameterNames(final Method method) {
            // See ContactCardTest#testAddInvalidContact.
            if ("addContact".equals(method.getName())) {
                return Arrays.asList("contact");
            }
            return nameProvider.getParameterNames(method);
        }
    }
}</programlisting>

                <para>Register this class in your app:</para>

                <programlisting language="java">final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
        // Validation.
        .register(ValidationConfigurationContextResolver.class)
        // Further configuration.
        .register( ... );</programlisting>

                <note>
                    <para>This code snippet is based on CustomConfigValidationTest (from Jersey's source codes)</para>
                </note>
            </example>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Validating JAX-RS resources and methods</title>

        <para>
            JAX-RS specification states that constraint annotations are allowed in the same locations as the following
            annotations: &lit.jaxrs.MatrixParam;, &lit.jaxrs.QueryParam;, &lit.jaxrs.PathParam;, &lit.jaxrs.CookieParam;,
            &lit.jaxrs.HeaderParam; and &lit.jaxrs.core.Context;, <emphasis>except</emphasis> in class constructors and property
            setters. Specifically, they are allowed in resource method parameters, fields and property getters as well as
            resource classes, entity parameters and resource methods (return values).
            Jersey provides support for validation (see following sections) annotated input parameters and return value of the
            invoked resource method as well as validation of resource class (class constraints, field constraints) where this
            resource method is placed.
            Jersey does not support, and doesn't validate, constraints placed on constructors and Bean Validation groups (only
            <literal>Default</literal> group is supported at the moment).
        </para>

        <section>
            <title>Constraint Annotations</title>

            <para>
                The JAX-RS Server API provides support for extracting request values and mapping them into Java fields,
                properties and parameters using annotations such as &jaxrs.HeaderParam;, &jaxrs.QueryParam;, etc. It also
                supports mapping of the request entity bodies into Java objects via non-annotated parameters (i.e., parameters
                without any JAX-RS annotations).
            </para>
            <para>
                The Bean Validation specification supports the use of <emphasis>constraint annotations</emphasis>
                as a way of declarative validating beans, method parameters and method returned values. For example, consider
                resource class from <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints"/> augmented with constraint annotations.

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints">
                    <title>Constraint annotations on input parameters</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @POST
    @Consumes("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
    public void registerUser(
            @NotNull @FormParam("firstName") String firstName,
            @NotNull @FormParam("lastName") String lastName,
            @Email @FormParam("email") String email) {
        ...
    }
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                The annotations &lit.bv.NotNull; and &lit.bv.Email; impose additional constraints on the form parameters
                <literal>firstName</literal>, <literal>lastName</literal> and <literal>email</literal>. The &lit.bv.NotNull;
                constraint is built-in to the Bean Validation API; the &lit.bv.Email;
                constraint is assumed to be user defined in the example above. These constraint annotations are not restricted to
                method parameters, they can be used in any location in which JAX-RS binding annotations are allowed with the
                exception of constructors and property setters.
            </para>
            <para>
                Rather than using method parameters, the <literal>MyResourceClass</literal> shown above could have been written
                as in <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.fields"/>.

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.fields">
                    <title>Constraint annotations on fields</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @NotNull
    @FormParam("firstName")
    private String firstName;

    @NotNull
    @FormParam("lastName")
    private String lastName;

    private String email;

    @FormParam("email")
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }

    @Email
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }

    ...
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                Note that in this version, <literal>firstName</literal> and <literal>lastName</literal> are fields initialized
                via injection and <literal>email</literal> is a resource class property. Constraint annotations on properties are
                specified in their corresponding getters.
            </para>
            <para>
                Constraint annotations are also allowed on resource classes. In addition to annotating fields and properties, an
                annotation can be defined for the entire class. Let us assume that <literal>@NonEmptyNames</literal> validates
                that one of the two <emphasis>name</emphasis> fields in <literal>MyResourceClass</literal> is provided. Using
                such an annotation, the example above can be extended to look like <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.class"/>

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.class">
                    <title>Constraint annotations on class</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
@NonEmptyNames
class MyResourceClass {

    @NotNull
    @FormParam("firstName")
    private String firstName;

    @NotNull
    @FormParam("lastName")
    private String lastName;

    private String email;

    ...
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                Constraint annotations on resource classes are useful for defining cross-field and cross-property constraints.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section>
            <title>Annotation constraints and Validators</title>

            <para>
                Annotation constraints and validators are defined in accordance with the Bean Validation specification.
                The &lit.bv.Email; annotation used in <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.fields"/> is defined using the
                Bean Validation &bv.Constraint; meta-annotation, see <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.definition"/>.

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.definition">
                    <title>Definition of a constraint annotation</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Target({ METHOD, FIELD, PARAMETER })
@Retention(RUNTIME)
@Constraint(validatedBy = EmailValidator.class)
public @interface Email {

    String message() default "{com.example.validation.constraints.email}";

    Class&lt;?&gt;[] groups() default {};

    Class&lt;? extends Payload&gt;[] payload() default {};
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                The &lit.bv.Constraint; annotation must include a reference to the validator class that will be used to validate
                decorated values. The <literal>EmailValidator</literal> class must implement
                <literal>ConstraintValidator&lt;Email, T&gt;</literal> where <literal>T</literal> is the type of values being
                validated, as described in <xref linkend="bv.example.validator.definition" />.

                <example xml:id="bv.example.validator.definition">
                    <title>Validator implementation.</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">public class EmailValidator implements ConstraintValidator&lt;Email, String&gt; {

    public void initialize(Email email) {
        ...
    }

    public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
        ...
    }
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                Thus, <literal>EmailValidator</literal> applies to values annotated with &lit.bv.Email; that are of type
                <literal>String</literal>. Validators for other Java types can be defined for the same constraint annotation.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section>
            <title>Entity Validation</title>

            <para>
                Request entity bodies can be mapped to resource method parameters. There are two ways in which these entities can
                be validated. If the request entity is mapped to a Java bean whose class is decorated with Bean Validation
                annotations, then validation can be enabled using &bv.Valid; as in <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.entity"/>.

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.entity">
                    <title>Entity validation</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@StandardUser
class User {

    @NotNull
    private String firstName;

    ...
}


@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @POST
    @Consumes("application/xml")
    public void registerUser(@Valid User user) {
        ...
    }
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                In this case, the validator associated with <literal>@StandardUser</literal> (as well as those for non-class
                level constraints like &lit.bv.NotNull;) will be called to verify the request entity mapped to
                <literal>user</literal>.
            </para>
            <para>
                Alternatively, a new annotation can be defined and used directly on the resource
                method parameter (<xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.entity2"/>).

                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.entity2">
                    <title>Entity validation 2</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @POST
    @Consumes("application/xml")
    public void registerUser(@PremiumUser User user) {
        ...
    }
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                In the example above, <literal>@PremiumUser</literal> rather than <literal>@StandardUser</literal> will be used
                to validate the request entity. These two ways in which validation of entities can be triggered can also be
                combined by including &lit.bv.Valid; in the list of constraints. The presence of &lit.bv.Valid; will trigger
                validation of <emphasis>all</emphasis> the constraint annotations decorating a Java bean class.
            </para>
            <para>
                Response entity bodies returned from resource methods can be validated in a similar manner by annotating the
                resource method itself. To exemplify, assuming both <literal>@StandardUser</literal> and
                <literal>@PremiumUser</literal> are required to be checked before returning a user, the
                <literal>getUser</literal> method can be annotated as shown in
                <xref linkend="bv.example.constraints.entity.response"/>.
                <example xml:id="bv.example.constraints.entity.response">
                    <title>Response entity validation</title>
                    <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @GET
    @Path("{id}")
    @Produces("application/xml")
    @Valid @PremiumUser
    public User getUser(@PathParam("id") String id) {
        User u = findUser(id);
        return u;
    }

    ...
}</programlisting>
                </example>

                Note that <literal>@PremiumUser</literal> is explicitly listed and <literal>@StandardUser</literal> is triggered
                by the presence of the &lit.bv.Valid; annotation - see definition of <literal>User</literal> class earlier in
                this section.
            </para>
        </section>

        <section>
            <title>Annotation Inheritance</title>

            <para>
                The rules for inheritance of constraint annotation are defined in Bean Validation specification. It is worth
                noting that these rules are incompatible with those defined by JAX-RS. Generally speaking, constraint
                annotations in Bean Validation are cumulative (can be strengthen) across a given type hierarchy while JAX-RS
                annotations are inherited or, overridden and ignored.
            </para>
            <para>
                For Bean Validation annotations Jersey follows the constraint annotation rules defined in the Bean Validation
                specification.
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="bv.ValidateOnExecution">
        <title>@ValidateOnExecution</title>

        <para>
            According to Bean Validation specification, validation is enabled by default only for the so called
            <emphasis>constrained</emphasis> methods. Getter
            methods as defined by the Java Beans specification are not constrained methods, so they will not be validated by
            default. The special annotation &lit.bv.ValidateOnExecution; can be used to selectively enable
            and disable validation. For example, you can enable validation on method <literal>getEmail</literal> shown in
            <xref linkend="bv.example.validateonexecution"/>.
            <example xml:id="bv.example.validateonexecution">
                <title>Validate getter on execution</title>

                <programlisting language="java">@Path("/")
class MyResourceClass {

    @Email
    @ValidateOnExecution
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }

    ...
}</programlisting>
            </example>

            The default value for the <literal>type</literal> attribute of &lit.bv.ValidateOnExecution; is
            <literal>IMPLICIT</literal> which results in method <literal>getEmail</literal> being validated.
            <note>
                <para>
                    According to Bean Validation specification &lit.bv.ValidateOnExecution; cannot be overridden once is
                    declared on a method (i.e. in subclass/sub-interface) and in this situations a
                    <literal>ValidationException</literal> should be raised. This default behaviour can be suppressed by
                    setting &jersey.server.ServerProperties.BV_DISABLE_VALIDATE_ON_EXECUTABLE_OVERRIDE_CHECK;
                    property (Jersey specific) to &lit.true;.
                </para>
            </note>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="bv.injecting">
        <title>Injecting</title>

        <para>
            Jersey allows you to inject registered resources/providers into your &bv.ConstraintValidator; implementation and you
            can inject &bv.Configuration;, &bv.ValidatorFactory; and &bv.Validator; as required by Bean Validation spec.

            <note>
                <para>
                    Injected &bv.Configuration;, &bv.ValidatorFactory; and &bv.Validator; do not inherit configuration provided
                    by &jersey.ext.ValidationConfig; and need to be configured manually.
                </para>
            </note>

            Injection of JAX-RS components into &lit.bv.ConstraintValidator;s is supported via a custom
            &lit.bv.ConstraintValidatorFactory; provided by Jersey. An example is shown in
            <xref linkend="bv.examples.injecting"/>.

            <example xml:id="bv.examples.injecting">
                <title>Injecting UriInfo into a ConstraintValidator</title>
                <programlisting language="java">public class EmailValidator implements ConstraintValidator&lt;Email, String&gt; {

    @Context
    private UriInfo uriInfo;

    public void initialize(Email email) {
        ...
    }

    public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
        // Use UriInfo.

        ...
    }
}</programlisting>
            </example>
        </para>
        <para>
            Using a custom &bv.ConstraintValidatorFactory; of your own disables registration of the one provided by Jersey
            and injection support for resources/providers (if needed) has to be provided by this new implementation.
            <xref linkend="bv.examples.injecting.factory"/> shows how this can be achieved.

            <example xml:id="bv.examples.injecting.factory">
                <title>Support for injecting Jersey's resources/providers via ConstraintValidatorFactory.</title>
                <programlisting language="java">public class InjectingConstraintValidatorFactory implements ConstraintValidatorFactory {

    @Context
    private ResourceContext resourceContext;

    @Override
    public &lt;T extends ConstraintValidator&lt;?, ?&gt;&gt; T getInstance(final Class&lt;T&gt; key) {
        return resourceContext.getResource(key);
    }

    @Override
    public void releaseInstance(final ConstraintValidator&lt;?, ?&gt; instance) {
        // NOOP
    }
}</programlisting>
            </example>
            <note>
                <para>
                    This behaviour may likely change in one of the next version of Jersey to remove the need of
                    manually providing support for injecting resources/providers from Jersey in your own
                    &lit.bv.ConstraintValidatorFactory; implementation code.
                </para>
            </note>
        </para>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Error Reporting</title>

        <para>
            Bean Validation specification defines a small hierarchy of exceptions (they all inherit from
            &bv.ValidationException;) that could be thrown during initialization of validation engine or (for our case more
            importantly) during validation of input/output values (&bv.ConstraintViolationException;).
            If a thrown exception is a subclass of &lit.bv.ValidationException; <emphasis>except</emphasis>
            &lit.bv.ConstraintViolationException; then this exception is mapped to a HTTP response with status code 500
            (Internal Server Error).
            On the other hand, when a &lit.bv.ConstraintViolationException; is throw two different status code would be returned:

            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>500 (Internal Server Error)</para>
                    <para>If the exception was thrown while validating a method return type.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>400 (Bad Request)</para>
                    <para>Otherwise.</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </para>

        <section xml:id="bv.ValidationError">
            <title>ValidationError</title>

            <para>
                By default, (during mapping &lit.bv.ConstraintViolationException;s) Jersey doesn't return any entities that would
                include validation errors to the client. This default behaviour could be changed by enabling
                &jersey.server.ServerProperties.BV_SEND_ERROR_IN_RESPONSE; property in your application
                (<xref linkend="bv.example.jersey.properties"/>).
                When this property is enabled then our custom &jaxrs.ext.ExceptionMapper; (that is handling
                &lit.bv.ValidationException;s) would transform &lit.bv.ConstraintViolationException;(s) into
                &jersey.ext.ValidationError;(s) and set this object (collection) as the new response entity which Jersey is
                able to sent to the client.
                Four &lit.jaxrs.core.MediaType;s are currently supported when sending &lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError;s to the
                client:

                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><literal>text/plain</literal></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><literal>text/html</literal></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><literal>application/xml</literal></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><literal>application/json</literal></para>
                        <note>
                            <para>
                                Note: You need to register one of the JSON (JAXB) providers (e.g.
                                <link linkend='json.moxy'>MOXy</link>) to marshall validation errors to JSON.
                            </para>
                        </note>
                    </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
            <para>
                Let's take a look at &jersey.ext.ValidationError; class to see which properties are send to the client:

                <programlisting language="java">@XmlRootElement
public final class ValidationError {

    private String message;

    private String messageTemplate;

    private String path;

    private String invalidValue;

    ...
}</programlisting>

                The <literal>message</literal> property is the interpolated error message, <literal>messageTemplate</literal>
                represents a non-interpolated error message (or key from your constraint definition e.g.
                <literal>{jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull.message}</literal>), <literal>path</literal> contains information
                about the path in the validated object graph to the property holding invalid value and
                <literal>invalidValue</literal> is the string representation of the invalid value itself.
            </para>
            <para>
                Here are few examples of &lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError; messages sent to client:

                <example>
                    <title>&lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError; to <literal>text/plain</literal></title>

                    <screen language="text" linenumbering="unnumbered">HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Content-Length: 114
Content-Type: text/plain
Vary: Accept
Server: Jetty(11.0.0.beta3)

Contact with given ID does not exist. (path = ContactCardResource.getContact.&lt;return value&gt;, invalidValue = null)</screen>
                </example>

                <example>
                    <title>&lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError; to <literal>text/html</literal></title>
                    <screen language="xml" linenumbering="unnumbered">HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Content-Length: ...
Content-Type: text/plain
Vary: Accept
Server: Jetty(11.0.0.beta3)

<![CDATA[<div class="validation-errors">
    <div class="validation-error">
        <span class="message">Contact with given ID does not exist.</span>
        (
        <span class="path">
            <strong>path</strong>
            = ContactCardResource.getContact.<return value>
        </span>
        ,
        <span class="invalid-value">
            <strong>invalidValue</strong>
            = null
        </span>
        )
    </div>
</div>]]></screen>
                </example>

                <example>
                    <title>&lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError; to <literal>application/xml</literal></title>
                    <screen language="xml" linenumbering="unnumbered">HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Content-Length: ...
Content-Type: text/plain
Vary: Accept
Server: Jetty(11.0.0.beta3)

<![CDATA[<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<validationErrors>
    <validationError>
        <message>Contact with given ID does not exist.</message>
        <messageTemplate>{contact.does.not.exist}</messageTemplate>
        <path>ContactCardResource.getContact.&lt;return value&gt;</path>
    </validationError>
</validationErrors>]]></screen>
                </example>

                <example>
                    <title>&lit.jersey.ext.ValidationError; to <literal>application/json</literal></title>
                    <screen language="xml" linenumbering="unnumbered">HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Content-Length: 174
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
Server: Jetty(11.0.0.beta3)

[ {
   "message" : "Contact with given ID does not exist.",
   "messageTemplate" : "{contact.does.not.exist}",
   "path" : "ContactCardResource.getContact.&lt;return value&gt;"
} ]</screen>
                </example>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section>
        <title>Example</title>

        <para>Examples are being processed to comply with Jakarta EE standards.</para>
    </section>
</chapter>